Transporters: Vivarium has laboratory animals like rats, mice, rabbits and hamster etc and also has zebra fish rack system. Biological fluids and organs are collected and analysed for drug exposure. Also metabolic cages enable the collection of faeces and urine in addition to blood collection to know the test compound exposure. This enables us to understand the distribution in various organs as well as metabolism and excretion pattern of the selected molecule. Transporters can have an enormous influence on the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates, either limiting their intestinal absorption, mediating their excretion. Drug transporters are now widely acknowledged as important determinants governing drug absorption, excretion, and, in many cases, extent of drug entry into target organs. Transport proteins play an important role in the adsorption, distribution and elimination of a wide variety of drugs. Transporter-based drug interactions in the clinic may be inhibitory, inductive or both, and may involve influx or efflux transporters. The bioavailability of the compound is affected due to transporters. We can undertake the pharmacokinetic study in rats, mice, rabbits and also understand the role of transporters like PGP p-glycoprotein etc which influences drug pharmacokinetic profile

DDI:In combination therapy, it occurs when one drug interacts with another drug that the patient is subscribing or medications interact with nutrient intake (food). Hence this may hamper the mechanism of medication in the body making the medication less effective also causing unexpected side effects. DDIs can be prevented by making patient and situation-specific assessments and, if appropriate, avoiding concomitant administration by implementing alternative therapeutic strategies or taking precautionary measures such as dosage adjustments and increased monitoring.

An interaction can result when there is an increase or decrease in the absorption of a drug into the body, distribution of the drug within the body, alterations made to the drug by the body (metabolism) and elimination of the drug from the body. Most drugs are eliminated through the kidney in either an unchanged form or as a by-product that results from the alteration (metabolism) of the drug by the liver. Therefore, the kidney and the liver are very important sites of potential drug interactions.

Biotransformation: Chemical conversion of a substance that is mediated by living organisms or enzyme preparations derived there from. Biotransformation research integrates both chemical and biological disciplines. It embraces biotransformation and chemical modifications of natural compounds (polysaccharides, alkaloids, antibiotics, etc.) as well as isolation of microorganisms and uses their enzymes for biotransformation.

Formally, biotransformation reactions are classified into phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions represent the introduction of functional groups, whereas phase II reactions are conjugations of such functional groups with endogenous, polar products.

Biotransformation can be of the following type’s Microbial transformation, Plant cell culture transformation & Animal cell culture transformation.

Methods for rapid and cost-effective assessment of the biotransformation potential of very hydrophobic and potentially bio accumulative chemicals in mammals are urgently needed for the ongoing global evaluation of the environmental behavior of commercial chemicals.

Drug Metabolism: Metabolism of drugs is the process through which the body converts (alters or modifies) drugs into forms that are more or less active (for example, by converting drugs that are given in inactive forms into their active forms that actually produce the desired effect) or that are easier for the body to eliminate through the kidneys.

Most drug metabolism takes place in the liver, but other organs also may play a role (for example, the kidneys, intestine, etc.). The cytochrome P450 enzymes are a group of enzymes in the liver that are responsible for the metabolism of most drugs. They are, therefore, involved in drug interactions. Drugs and certain types of food may increase or decrease the activity of these enzymes and therefore affecting the concentration of drugs that are metabolized by these enzymes.

An increase in the activity of these enzymes leads to a decrease in the concentration and effect of an administered drug. Conversely, a decrease in enzyme activity leads to an increase in drug concentration and effect.

At Aaranya Biosciences we provide In-vitro systems which help in understanding the drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, drug metabolism, inter individual variability and other mechanisms of the drug interactions with in the organism.